Query Syntax

This page provides reference information for the query syntax in Databend. Each component can be used individually or combined to build powerful queries.

Core Query Components

Component	Description
SELECT	Retrieve data from tables - the foundation of all queries
FROM / JOIN	Specify data sources and combine multiple tables
WHERE	Filter rows based on conditions
GROUP BY	Group rows and perform aggregations (SUM, COUNT, AVG, etc.)
HAVING	Filter grouped results
ORDER BY	Sort query results
LIMIT / TOP	Restrict the number of rows returned

Advanced Features

Component	Description
WITH (CTE)	Define reusable query blocks for complex logic
PIVOT	Convert rows to columns (wide format)
UNPIVOT	Convert columns to rows (long format)
QUALIFY	Filter rows after window function calculations
VALUES	Create inline temporary data sets

Time Travel & Streaming

Component	Description
AT	Query data at a specific point in time
CHANGES	Track insertions, updates, and deletions
WITH CONSUME	Process streaming data with offset management
WITH STREAM HINTS	Optimize stream processing behavior

Query Execution

Component	Description
Settings	Configure query optimization and execution parameters

Query Structure

A typical Databend query follows this structure:

[WITH cte_expressions]
SELECT [TOP n] columns
FROM table
[JOIN other_tables]
[WHERE conditions]
[GROUP BY columns]
[HAVING group_conditions]
[QUALIFY window_conditions]
[ORDER BY columns]
[LIMIT n]