Virtual Column: Automatic Acceleration for JSON Data

ENTERPRISE EDITION FEATURE

VIRTUAL COLUMN is an Enterprise Edition feature. Contact Databend Support for a license.

Virtual columns automatically accelerate queries on semi-structured data stored in VARIANT columns. This feature provides zero-configuration performance optimization for JSON data access.

What Problem Does It Solve?

When querying JSON data, traditional databases must parse the entire JSON structure every time you access a nested field. This creates performance bottlenecks:

Problem	Impact	Virtual Column Solution
Query Latency	Complex JSON queries take seconds	Sub-second response times
Excessive Data Reading	Must read entire JSON documents even for single fields	Read only the specific fields needed
Slow JSON Parsing	Every query re-parses entire JSON documents	Pre-materialized fields for instant access
High CPU Usage	JSON traversal consumes processing power	Direct column reads like regular data
Memory Overhead	Loading full JSON structures into memory	Only load needed fields

Example Scenario: An e-commerce analytics table with product data in JSON format. Without virtual columns, querying product_data['category'] across millions of rows requires parsing every JSON document. With virtual columns, it becomes a direct column lookup.

How It Works Automatically

1. Data Ingestion → Databend analyzes JSON structure in VARIANT columns
2. Smart Detection → System identifies frequently accessed nested fields
3. Background Optimization → Virtual columns are created automatically
4. Query Acceleration → Queries automatically use optimized paths

Configuration

Virtual columns are enabled by default starting from v1.2.832 and require no additional configuration.

Complete Example

This example demonstrates automatic virtual column creation and performance benefits:

-- Create a table named 'test' with columns 'id' and 'val' of type Variant.
CREATE TABLE test(id int, val variant);

-- Insert sample records into the 'test' table with Variant data.
INSERT INTO
  test
VALUES
  (
    1,
    '{"id":1,"name":"databend","tags":["powerful","fast"],"pricings":[{"type":"Standard","price":"Pay as you go"},{"type":"Enterprise","price":"Custom"}]}'
  ),
  (
    2,
    '{"id":2,"name":"databricks","tags":["scalable","flexible"],"pricings":[{"type":"Free","price":"Trial"},{"type":"Premium","price":"Subscription"}]}'
  ),
  (
    3,
    '{"id":3,"name":"snowflake","tags":["cloud-native","secure"],"pricings":[{"type":"Basic","price":"Pay per second"},{"type":"Enterprise","price":"Annual"}]}'
  ),
  (
    4,
    '{"id":4,"name":"redshift","tags":["reliable","scalable"],"pricings":[{"type":"On-Demand","price":"Pay per usage"},{"type":"Reserved","price":"1 year contract"}]}'
  ),
  (
    5,
    '{"id":5,"name":"bigquery","tags":["innovative","cost-efficient"],"pricings":[{"type":"Flat Rate","price":"Monthly"},{"type":"Flex","price":"Per query"}]}'
  );

INSERT INTO test SELECT * FROM test;
INSERT INTO test SELECT * FROM test;
INSERT INTO test SELECT * FROM test;
INSERT INTO test SELECT * FROM test;
INSERT INTO test SELECT * FROM test;

-- Explain the query execution plan for selecting specific fields from the table.
EXPLAIN
SELECT
  val ['name'],
  val ['tags'] [0],
  val ['pricings'] [0] ['type']
FROM
  test;

-[ EXPLAIN ]-----------------------------------
Exchange
├── output columns: [test.val['name'] (#3), test.val['pricings'][0]['type'] (#5), test.val['tags'][0] (#8)]
├── exchange type: Merge
└── TableScan
    ├── table: default.default.test
    ├── output columns: [val['name'] (#3), val['pricings'][0]['type'] (#5), val['tags'][0] (#8)]
    ├── read rows: 160
    ├── read size: 1.69 KiB
    ├── partitions total: 6
    ├── partitions scanned: 6
    ├── pruning stats: [segments: <range pruning: 6 to 6>, blocks: <range pruning: 6 to 6>]
    ├── push downs: [filters: [], limit: NONE]
    ├── virtual columns: [val['name'], val['pricings'][0]['type'], val['tags'][0]]
    └── estimated rows: 160.00

-- Explain the query execution plan for selecting only the 'name' field from the table.
EXPLAIN
SELECT
  val ['name']
FROM
  test;

-[ EXPLAIN ]-----------------------------------
Exchange
├── output columns: [test.val['name'] (#2)]
├── exchange type: Merge
└── TableScan
    ├── table: default.book_db.test
    ├── output columns: [val['name'] (#2)]
    ├── read rows: 160
    ├── read size: < 1 KiB
    ├── partitions total: 16
    ├── partitions scanned: 16
    ├── pruning stats: [segments: <range pruning: 6 to 6>, blocks: <range pruning: 16 to 16>]
    ├── push downs: [filters: [], limit: NONE]
    ├── virtual columns: [val['name']]
    └── estimated rows: 160.00

-- Display all the auto generated virtual columns.
SHOW VIRTUAL COLUMNS WHERE table='test';

╭────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ database │  table │ source_column │ virtual_column_id │    virtual_column_name   │ virtual_column_type │
│  String  │ String │     String    │       UInt32      │          String          │        String       │
├──────────┼────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000000 │ ['id']                   │ UInt64              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000001 │ ['name']                 │ String              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000002 │ ['pricings'][0]['price'] │ String              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000003 │ ['pricings'][0]['type']  │ String              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000004 │ ['pricings'][1]['price'] │ String              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000005 │ ['pricings'][1]['type']  │ String              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000006 │ ['tags'][0]              │ String              │
│ default  │ test   │ val           │        3000000007 │ ['tags'][1]              │ String              │
╰────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯

Monitoring Commands

Command	Purpose
SHOW VIRTUAL COLUMNS	View automatically created virtual columns
REFRESH VIRTUAL COLUMN	Manually refresh virtual columns
FUSE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN	View virtual column metadata

Performance Results

Virtual columns typically provide:

• 5-10x faster JSON field access
• Automatic optimization without query changes
• Reduced resource consumption during query processing
• Transparent acceleration for existing applications

---

Virtual columns work automatically in the background—Databend optimizes your JSON queries with zero configuration.